These are photographs of English commemorative stone, commemorative boards and Exterior and interior of Historic Archeological Museum Harappa District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. There placed various antiques things of Sindh Valley Civilization (3500-1500 B. C) in glass cases to display for visitors which discovered from Harappan Archeological site. In these antiques include stone tools, stone balls, chert blades, copper implements, lingam, small baked mud idols, combined human and animal figurines, stone artifacts, jars, baked pottery, seals, weights, male and female human skeleton and much more.
Commemorative stone provides this information :
' Harappa Museum'
Inauguration ceremony of Harappa Museum was performed by Kazi Anwar-ul-Haque, S. Pk., S. Q. A., Minister for Education, Health, Labour and Social Welfare, Government of Pakistan on Sunday the 26th March 1967. '
Another framed commemorative board is erected inside the main door of Harappa Museum that reads as below :
' Harappa is one of the most ancient cities of the world and was a major urban center of the Indus or Harappan Civilization that flourished in Pakistan and parts of Western India some 4500 years pastoralists who lived along the foothill of Baluchistan and in the vast river plains of Punjab and Sindh. At its height the civilization extended over 680,000 square kilometers (425,000 sq miles). Harappan sites have been found from Northern Afghanistan to Arabian Sea and from the foothills of Baluchistan to the Thar desert,Kutch and Gujarat. Cities such as Harappa and Mohenjodaro were located along the rivers, at the crossroad of trade routes that connected the major urban centers with the smaller towns and villages in distant regions. These internal trade networks were an important features of Indus economy and provided the essential raw materials needed to build a strong urban society. Copper, timber, stone and minerals were brought from the mountainous areas, while fish and shell were plentiful in the rivers and sea. Most important was the rich Agricultural land that was watered by many rivers in Indus Valley, the Punjab and the dry Ghaggar-Hakra rivers of Cholistan.
The Indus Civilization was first discovered at Harappa. Excavation at this site as well as at Mohenjodaro have revealed a complex and well organized society. Many of the details regarding the people and their religious beliefs are still unclear, but we know that arts and crafts were highly developed and standardized weights and measures were used throughout the region. The largee cities were well planned, with wide streets, wells and intricate drainage system. Although the Indus writing system is still undeciphered, the presence writing on seals, pottery, metal and other ornaments indicates that it had an important role in the economic and social organization of Indus society.
Harappa was situated at the confluence of two streams of the Ravi River, which now flows 10 to 12 kilometers north of the old bed. The site is made of several mounds, with a Citadal mound (AB area) in the center, a large unexcavated Mound to the east (Mound E), low mounds to the North (Mound F) and west as a granary was found. Other structures include circular working platform, furnaces and a double row of buildings thought to be workmen's quarters. On the main citadel mound, most of the buildings from the excavated level are only partially discernable due to intensive brick robbing in 19th century. Later excavations along the edges of the citadel by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, revealed the presence of what was thought to be a massive mud brick fortification wall around the entire citadel. To the south in area R37 an important Harappan Cemetery was discovered. Just north of this Cemetery, in area H, another Cemetery of later inhabitants was also excavated. The large eastern mound may be a residential area similar to the eastern portion of Mohenjodaro. The eastern mound and the lower western mound have yet to be studie
Commemorative stone provides this information :
' Harappa Museum'
Inauguration ceremony of Harappa Museum was performed by Kazi Anwar-ul-Haque, S. Pk., S. Q. A., Minister for Education, Health, Labour and Social Welfare, Government of Pakistan on Sunday the 26th March 1967. '
Another framed commemorative board is erected inside the main door of Harappa Museum that reads as below :
' Harappa is one of the most ancient cities of the world and was a major urban center of the Indus or Harappan Civilization that flourished in Pakistan and parts of Western India some 4500 years pastoralists who lived along the foothill of Baluchistan and in the vast river plains of Punjab and Sindh. At its height the civilization extended over 680,000 square kilometers (425,000 sq miles). Harappan sites have been found from Northern Afghanistan to Arabian Sea and from the foothills of Baluchistan to the Thar desert,Kutch and Gujarat. Cities such as Harappa and Mohenjodaro were located along the rivers, at the crossroad of trade routes that connected the major urban centers with the smaller towns and villages in distant regions. These internal trade networks were an important features of Indus economy and provided the essential raw materials needed to build a strong urban society. Copper, timber, stone and minerals were brought from the mountainous areas, while fish and shell were plentiful in the rivers and sea. Most important was the rich Agricultural land that was watered by many rivers in Indus Valley, the Punjab and the dry Ghaggar-Hakra rivers of Cholistan.
The Indus Civilization was first discovered at Harappa. Excavation at this site as well as at Mohenjodaro have revealed a complex and well organized society. Many of the details regarding the people and their religious beliefs are still unclear, but we know that arts and crafts were highly developed and standardized weights and measures were used throughout the region. The largee cities were well planned, with wide streets, wells and intricate drainage system. Although the Indus writing system is still undeciphered, the presence writing on seals, pottery, metal and other ornaments indicates that it had an important role in the economic and social organization of Indus society.
Harappa was situated at the confluence of two streams of the Ravi River, which now flows 10 to 12 kilometers north of the old bed. The site is made of several mounds, with a Citadal mound (AB area) in the center, a large unexcavated Mound to the east (Mound E), low mounds to the North (Mound F) and west as a granary was found. Other structures include circular working platform, furnaces and a double row of buildings thought to be workmen's quarters. On the main citadel mound, most of the buildings from the excavated level are only partially discernable due to intensive brick robbing in 19th century. Later excavations along the edges of the citadel by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, revealed the presence of what was thought to be a massive mud brick fortification wall around the entire citadel. To the south in area R37 an important Harappan Cemetery was discovered. Just north of this Cemetery, in area H, another Cemetery of later inhabitants was also excavated. The large eastern mound may be a residential area similar to the eastern portion of Mohenjodaro. The eastern mound and the lower western mound have yet to be studie
No comments:
Post a Comment